What causes the permanent hardness in water due to calcium and magnesium compounds?

Chemical Process MCQs for PPSC, FPSC, NTS, and Pakistan government job tests. Select an option below, then read the explanation.

PPSCFPSCNTSPakistan govt jobs
Subject
Chemical Processchemical-engineering › chemical-process
Published
14 Feb 2019
Last updated
28 May 2026

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Explanation

Permanent hardness in water is caused by calcium and magnesium salts that do not get removed by boiling. These are primarily sulphates and chlorides, unlike temporary hardness which is due to bicarbonates.

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