Which fundamental principle can lead to portraying an out-group negatively?

Explanation

The principle of group identity often involves distinguishing 'us' from 'them,' which can result in negative stereotyping or demonizing of out-groups. This differs from dominance (A), which relates to control; reciprocity (B), which involves mutual benefit; favoritism (D), which is preferential treatment; and altruism (E), which concerns selfless concern for others.